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Author Dunbar, R.I.M.
Title (down) The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Annals of Human Biology Abbreviated Journal Annals of Human Biology
Volume 36 Issue 5 Pages 562-572
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Abstract The social brain hypothesis was proposed as an explanation for the fact that primates have unusually large brains for body size compared to all other vertebrates: Primates evolved large brains to manage their unusually complex social systems. Although this proposal has been generalized to all vertebrate taxa as an explanation for brain evolution, recent analyses suggest that the social brain hypothesis takes a very different form in other mammals and birds than it does in anthropoid primates. In primates, there is a quantitative relationship between brain size and social group size (group size is a monotonic function of brain size), presumably because the cognitive demands of sociality place a constraint on the number of individuals that can be maintained in a coherent group. In other mammals and birds, the relationship is a qualitative one: Large brains are associated with categorical differences in mating system, with species that have pairbonded mating systems having the largest brains. It seems that anthropoid primates may have generalized the bonding processes that characterize monogamous pairbonds to other non-reproductive relationships (?friendships?), thereby giving rise to the quantitative relationship between group size and brain size that we find in this taxon. This raises issues about why bonded relationships are cognitively so demanding (and, indeed, raises questions about what a bonded relationship actually is), and when and why primates undertook this change in social style.
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Publisher Taylor & Francis Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 0301-4460 ISBN Medium
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Notes doi: 10.1080/03014460902960289 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6546
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Author Dunbar, Robin I. M.
Title (down) The social brain hypothesis Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews Abbreviated Journal Evol. Anthropol.
Volume 6 Issue 5 Pages 178-190
Keywords brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates
Abstract Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Notes Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4371
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Author Zohary, D.; Tchernov, E.; Horwitz, L.K.
Title (down) The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication J Zool Abbreviated Journal
Volume 245 Issue Pages
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zohary1998 Serial 6240
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Author Greenberg, R.
Title (down) The role of neophobia and neophilia in the development of innovative behavour in birds Type Book Chapter
Year 2003 Publication Animal Innovation Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor S. M. Reader and K. N. Laland
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6547
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Author von Bayern, A.M.P.
Title (down) The role of experience in problem solving and innovative tool use in crows Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Curr Biol Abbreviated Journal
Volume 19 Issue Pages
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ von Bayern2009 Serial 6290
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Author Wolter, R.; Pantel, N.; Stefanski, V.; Möstl, E.; Krueger, K.
Title (down) The role of an alpha animal in changing environmental conditions Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Physiology & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume 133 Issue Pages 236-243
Keywords Alpha male; Horse; Equus ferus przewalskii; Bachelor group; Group structure
Abstract Abstract The maintenance and development of conservation areas by grazing of large herbivores, such as Przewalski's horses, is common practice. Several nature conservation areas house male bachelor groups of this species. When males are needed for breeding they are removed from the groups, often without considering group compositions and individual social positions. However, alpha animals are needed for ensuring group stability and decision making in potentially dangerous situations in several species. To investigate the role of the alpha male in a bachelor group, we observed the behaviour of five Przewalski's horse males during the enlargement of their enclosure. We analyzed the group's social structure and movement orders, as well as the animals' connectedness, activity budgets, and whether they moved with preferred group members and how factors such as social rank influenced the horses' behaviour. We also investigated the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) via faeces of the horses while exploring a new area as a parameter of glucocorticoid production. Our results show that the alpha male is important for a bachelor group in changing environmental conditions. The alpha male had the highest level of connectedness within the group. When exploring the new environment, its position in the group changed from previously being the last to being the first. Furthermore the whole group behaviour changed when exploring the new area. The stallions showed reduced resting behavior, increased feeding and did not stay close to each other. We found that the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites of most horses rose only marginally during the first days on the new area while only the alpha male showed a significant increased amount of glucocorticoid production during the first day of the enclosure enlargement.
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ISSN 0031-9384 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5818
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Author Dyson, S.
Title (down) The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram Type Journal Article
Year 2022 Publication Equine Veterinary Education Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet Educ
Volume 34 Issue 7 Pages 372-380
Keywords horse; lameness; canter; behaviour; saddle-fit; rider skill
Abstract Summary The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) comprises 24 behaviours, the majority of which are at least 10 times more likely to be seen in lame horses compared with non-lame horses. The observation of >=8/24 behaviours is likely to reflect the presence of musculoskeletal pain, although some lame horses score <8/24 behaviours. A marked reduction in RHpE scores after resolution of lameness using diagnostic anaesthesia proves a causal relationship between pain and RHpE scores. Horses should be assessed for approximately 10?min in walk, trot (including 10?m diameter circles), canter and transitions. The validity of the RHpE has been verified for use in horses which perform dressage-type movements, and which have been trained to work with the front of the head in a vertical position. It has not, as yet, been used in horses while jumping, racehorses, western performance or endurance horses. The RHpE provides a valuable tool for riders, trainers, veterinarians and other equine professionals to recognise the presence of musculoskeletal pain, even if overt lameness cannot be recognised. Riders with a higher skill-level may improve gait quality, but cannot obscure behavioural signs of pain, although specific behaviours may change. Tight saddle tree points, the rider sitting on the caudal third of the saddle and rider weight may influence RHpE scores. Accurate application of the RHpE requires training and practice. The RHpE is a powerful tool for the assessment of ridden horses and the identification of likely musculoskeletal pain. Such pain merits further investigation and treatment, to improve equine welfare and performance. The RHpE provides an additional means of evaluating the response to diagnostic anaesthesia. It provides a mechanism for client education and a diplomatic way of communicating with clients about equine discomfort related to saddle-fit, rider size, their position in the saddle and ability to ride in balance.
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Publisher American Medical Association (AMA) Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 0957-7734 ISBN Medium
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Notes https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13468 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6693
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Author Gardner, P.
Title (down) The responses of horses in a discrimination problem Type Journal Article
Year 1937 Publication Journal-of-Comparative-Psychology Abbreviated Journal J Comp Psychol
Volume 23 Issue Pages 305-333
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Abstract 62 horses were trained to obtain food from the one of three boxes which was covered with a black cloth. The position of the box varied from trial to trial in a random order. Learning was apparently in terms of vision, rather than smell. Many errors were due to the line of direction of the horse's movement as it entered the experimental situation. For all animals the learning curve dropped rapidly during the first few trials. There was slightly more rapid learning in younger horses than in older ones. No sex differences were apparent. Percherons made fewer errors than Belgians. Draft horses showed a slight superiority over military and farm horses. The statistical reliability of these differences is not reported. Good retention was evidenced after a period of several months. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3613
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Author To be deleted
Title (down) The responses of horses in a discrimination problem Type Journal Article
Year 1937 Publication J. Compar. Physiol. Psychol. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 23 Issue Pages 305-333
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 24 October 2008 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4585
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Author Fritts, S.H.; Bangs, E.E.; Gore, J.F.
Title (down) The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Landsc Urban Plan Abbreviated Journal
Volume 28 Issue Pages
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Fritts1994 Serial 6453
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