Alexander, F., & Collett, R. A. (1974). Pethidine in the horse. Res Vet Sci, 17(1), 136–137.
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Alexander, F., & Davies, M. E. (1969). Studies on vitamin B12 in the horse. Br. Vet. J., 125(4), 169–176.
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Alexander, F., & Davies, M. E. (1963). Production and fermentation of lactate by bacteria in the alimentary canal of the horse and pig. J Comp Pathol, 73, 1–8.
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Alexander, F., Davies, M. E., & Muir, A. R. (1970). Bacteriophage-like particles in the large intestine of the horse. Res Vet Sci, 11(6), 592–593.
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Alexander, F., Horner, M. W., & Moss, M. S. (1967). The salivary secretion and clearance in the horse of chloral hydrate and its metabolites. Biochem Pharmacol, 16(7), 1305–1311.
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Alexander, F., Macpherson, M. J. D., & Oxford, A. E. (1952). Fermentative activities of some members of the normal coccal flora of the horse's large intestine. J Comp Pathol, 62(4), 252–259.
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Alexander, F., & Nicholson, J. D. (1968). The blood and saliva clearances of phenobarbitone and pentobarbitone in the horse. Biochem Pharmacol, 17(2), 203–210.
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Alexander, R., MCN et al. (1977). Fast locomotion of some african ungulates. J Zool, 183(3), 291–300.
Abstract: ABSTRACT
Ten species of ungulate were filmed, galloping in their natural habitat. They ranged in size from Thomson's gazelle (about 20 kg) to giraffe (about 1000 kg). They were pursued to make them run as fast as possible. The films have been analysed to determine speed, stride frequency, stride and step lengths, and duty factors. The dependence of these quantities on body size is discussed.
Summary:
Fast locomotion of zebra, giraffe, warthog and seven species of Bovidae has been studied. The animals were filmed from a pursuing vehicle while galloping in their natural habitat.
Stride frequency was more closely correlated with limb length (represented by hip height) than with body mass. Mean stride frequency was proportional to (hip height)-0·51 and maximum stride frequency to (hip height) -0·63.
Maximum speed was between 10 and 14 m s -1 for all species except buffalo (7 m s -1). It was not significantly correlated with body mass.
Since the small species ran at least as fast as the large ones they attained higher Froude numbers. Relative stride length was approximately 1·8 (Froude number)0·39 for all species, irrespective of size. Relative step length was approximately 0·65 (Froude number)0·2, both for the fore feet and for the hind ones. The vertical forces exerted by the feet are proportional to (body weight)×(Froude number)0·2 so the forces at maximum speed are larger multiples of body weight for small species than for large ones.
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Alexander, S. L., & Irvine, C. H. (1998). The effect of social stress on adrenal axis activity in horses: the importance of monitoring corticosteroid-binding globulin capacity. Journal of Endocrinology, 157(3), 425–432.
Abstract: Plasma cortisol is largely bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which regulates its bioavailability by restricting exit from capillaries. Levels of CBG may be altered by several factors including stress and this can influence the amount of cortisol reaching cells. This study investigated the effect of social instability on plasma concentrations of CBG, total and free (not protein bound) cortisol in horses. Horses new to our research herd ('newcomers') were confined in a small yard with four dominant resident horses for 3-4 h daily for 3-4 (n = 5) or 9-14 (n = 3) days. Jugular blood was collected in the mornings from newcomers before the period of stress began ('pre-stress'), and then before each day's stress. Residents were bled before stress on the first and thirteenth day. Residents always behaved aggressively towards newcomers. By the end of the stress period, all newcomers were subordinate to residents. In newcomers (n = 8) after 3-4 days of social stress, CBG binding capacity had fallen (P = 0.0025), while free cortisol concentrations had risen (P = 0.0016) from pre-stress values. In contrast, total cortisol did not change. In residents, CBG had decreased slightly but significantly (P = 0.0162) after 12 days of stress. Residents and newcomers did not differ in pre-stress CBG binding capacity, total or free cortisol concentrations. However, by the second week of stress, CBG binding capacity was lower (P = 0.015) and free cortisol higher (P = 0.030) in newcomers (n = 3) than in residents. Total cortisol did not differ between the groups. In conclusion social stress clearly affected the adrenal axis of subordinate newcomer horses, lowering the binding capacity of CBG and raising free cortisol concentrations. However, no effect of stress could be detected when only total cortisol was measured. Therefore, to assess adrenal axis status accurately in horses, it is essential to monitor the binding capacity of CBG and free cortisol concentrations in addition to total cortisol levels.
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Alexandridis, A. (2009). Pferdgestützte Bewegungstherapie bei Essstörungen. mup, 1, 13–26.
Abstract: Inhalte und Methoden des Natural Horsemanship (nach Pat Parelli) werden beschrieben
und in der Verbindung mit aktuellen bewegungstherapeutischen Behandlungsmethoden
bei Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa und „Binge-Eating“-Störung dargestellt.
Diese Zusammenführung ergibt eine pferdgestützte bewegungstherapeutische Methode
zur Behandlung von Essstörungen, welche anhand konkreter Praxisbeispiele
beschrieben wird. Der Ausblick auf eine laufende Evaluationsstudie schließt den Artikel
ab.
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