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	Author	Dumont, B.; Boissy, A.; Achard, C.; Sibbald, A.M.; Erhard, H.W.
	Title	Consistency of animal order in spontaneous group movements allows the measurement of leadership in a group of grazing heifers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	95	Issue	1-2	Pages	55-66
	Keywords	Cattle; Grazing; Leadership; Movement order; Walking
	Abstract	The term `leadership' has been used in several different senses, resulting in very different ways of identifying leaders and apparently inconsistent conclusions on how leadership is determined in herbivores. We therefore propose the following definitions: (i) a leader is the individual that is consistently the one who initiates long-distance, spontaneous group movements toward a new feeding site and (ii) long-distance spontaneous group movements are movements which happen when an animal changes activity and location and is immediately followed by a similar change in activity and location by other members of the group. Using these definitions, we tested for consistency of movement order across time and situation within a group of fifteen 2-year-old heifers. We found that the same individual was recorded as the very first animal in 48% of movements toward a new feeding site and could therefore be identified as the `leader'. We also showed that movement order when the animals entered an experimental plot, or progressed slowly through the field during a grazing bout, did not produce the same result. This method, which enables us to identify leaders in groups of animals at pasture, should improve our knowledge of how leadership is determined in grazing herbivores.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	2027
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	Author	Duncan, I.J.H.
	Title	D.G.M. Wood-Gush Memorial Lecture: An applied ethologist looks at the question “Why?”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	44	Issue	2-4	Pages	205-217
	Keywords	Causation; Cognition; Function; Future research; Ontogeny; Phylogeny; States of suffering; Welfare
	Abstract	The question “Why does an animal behave as it does?” can be answered in terms of ontogeny, function, phylogeny and causation. The achievements of applied ethology relative to those four approaches are reviewed, gaps in our knowledge are identified and predictions for fruitful avenues of future research are made. Ontogenic studies have been useful in the past and it is suggested that studies of the effects of early experience on the sexual behaviour of animals used in artificial breeding schemes might pay dividends. It is proposed that functional studies should be approached cautiously. More information is required on the process of domestication in order to increase the chances of success in the trend to farm exotic species. Studies on causation are likely to continue to be the mainstay of applied ethological research. It is suggested that within this category, studies on states of suffering, motivation and cognition are urgently required to answer the most pressing questions on animal welfare.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2919
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	Author	Duncan, I.J.H.; Petherick, J.C.
	Title	Proceeding (Paper presented at the Winter Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Ethology, London, Great Britain, 30 November 1988)Cognition: The implications for animal welfare			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	24	Issue	1	Pages	81-1010
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2921
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	Author	Duncan, I.J.H.; Widowski, T.M.; Malleau, A.E.; Lindberg, A.C.; Petherick, J.C.
	Title	External factors and causation of dustbathing in domestic hens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	43	Issue	2	Pages	219-228
	Keywords	Dustbathing; Illumination; Laying hens; Radiant heat; Social facilitation; Temperature
	Abstract	Dustbathing is known to be motivated by complex interactions between internal factors which build up over time and external factors, such as the sight of a dusty substrate. In this study, the effects of other external factors were investigated. Environmental temperature was shown to be important; frequencies of dustbathing were greater when hens were held at 22 than at 10[degree sign]C (P<0.01). In a second experiment, a radiant heat source or a radiant heat+light source, balanced to give the same radiant heat, resulted in more dustbathing behaviour during a 1-h stimulus period than during the same period with no stimulus (P<0.05). Components of dustbathing were increased more by the heat+light stimulus than by the heat stimulus alone (P<0.03). In a third experiment, the amount of dustbathing performed by individual hens in cages with dustbaths was increased by the presence of a group of hens dustbathing in an adjoining pen with a dustbath compared with the amount occurring when the hens were absent from the pen.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3607
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	Author	Dusek, J.A.; Eichenbaum, H.
	Title	The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	94	Issue	13	Pages	7109-7114
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/physiology; Male; Memory/physiology; Rats
	Abstract	Human declarative memory involves a systematic organization of information that supports generalizations and inferences from acquired knowledge. This kind of memory depends on the hippocampal region in humans, but the extent to which animals also have declarative memory, and whether inferential expression of memory depends on the hippocampus in animals, remains a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience. To examine these issues, we used a test of transitive inference pioneered by Piaget to assess capacities for systematic organization of knowledge and logical inference in children. In our adaptation of the test, rats were trained on a set of four overlapping odor discrimination problems that could be encoded either separately or as a single representation of orderly relations among the odor stimuli. Normal rats learned the problems and demonstrated the relational memory organization through appropriate transitive inferences about items not presented together during training. By contrast, after disconnection of the hippocampus from either its cortical or subcortical pathway, rats succeeded in acquiring the separate discrimination problems but did not demonstrate transitive inference, indicating that they had failed to develop or could not inferentially express the orderly organization of the stimulus elements. These findings strongly support the view that the hippocampus mediates a general declarative memory capacity in animals, as it does in humans.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:9192700			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	607
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	Author	Dutto, D.J.; Hoyt, D.F.; Clayton, H.M.; Cogger, E.A.; Wickler, S.J.
	Title	Moments and power generated by the horse (Equus caballus) hind limb during jumping			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
	Volume	207	Issue	Pt 4	Pages	667-674
	Keywords	Animals; Biomechanics; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/*physiology
	Abstract	The ability to jump over an obstacle depends upon the generation of work across the joints of the propelling limb(s). The total work generated by one hind limb of a horse and the contribution to the total work by four joints of the hind limb were determined for a jump. It was hypothesized that the hip and ankle joints would have extensor moments performing positive work, while the knee would have a flexor moment and perform negative work during the jump. Ground reaction forces and sagittal plane kinematics were simultaneously recorded during each jumping trial. Joint moment, power and work were determined for the metatarsophalangeal (MP), tarsal (ankle), tibiofemoral (knee) and coxofemoral (hip) joints. The hip, knee and ankle all flexed and then extended and the MP extended and then flexed during ground contact. Consistent with our hypothesis, large extensor moments were observed at the hip and ankle joints and large flexor moments at the knee and MP joints throughout ground contact of the hind limb. Peak moments tended to occur earlier in stance in the proximal joints but peak power generation of the hind limb joints occurred at similar times except for the MP joint, with the hip and ankle peaking first followed by the MP joint. During the first portion of ground contact (approximately 40%), the net result of the joint powers was the absorption of power. During the remainder of the contact period, the hind limb generated power. This pattern of power absorption followed by power generation paralleled the power profiles of the hip, ankle and MP joints. The total work performed by one hind limb was 0.71 J kg(-1). Surprisingly, the knee produced 85% of the work (0.60 J kg(-1)) done by the hind limb, and the positive work performed by the knee occurred during the first 40% of the take-off. There is little net work generated by the other three joints over the entire take-off. Velocity of the tuber coxae (a landmark on the pelvis of the animal) was negative (downward) during the first 40% of stance, which perhaps reflects the negative work performed to decrease the potential energy during the first 40% of contact. During the final 60% of contact, the hip, ankle and MP joints generate positive work, which is reflected in the increase of the animal's potential energy.
	Address	Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA. ddutto@csupomona.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:14718509			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3654
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	Author	Dyson, H.J.; Beattie, J.K.
	Title	Spin state and unfolding equilibria of ferricytochrome c in acidic solutions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	The Journal of Biological Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	J Biol Chem
	Volume	257	Issue	5	Pages	2267-2273
	Keywords	Animals; *Cytochrome c Group; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Heme; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Ligands; Myocardium; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Spectrophotometry; Temperature
	Abstract	Equilibrium, stopped flow, and temperature-jump spectrophotometry have been used to identify processes in the unfolding of ferricytochrome c in acidic aqueous solutions. A relaxation occurring in approximately 100 microseconds involves perturbation of a spin-equilibrium between two folded conformers of the protein with methionine-80 coordinated or dissociated from the heme iron. The protein unfolds more slowly, in milliseconds, with dissociation and protonation of histidine-18. These two transitions appear cooperative in equilibrium measurements at low (0.01 M) ionic strength, but are separated at higher (0.10 M) ionic strength. They are resolved under both conditions in the dynamic measurements. The spin-equilibrium description permits a unified explanation of a number of properties of ferricytochrome c in acidic aqueous solutions.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0021-9258	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:6277891			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3807
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	Author	Edwards, D.H.; Spitzer, N.
	Title	6. Social dominance and serotonin receptor genes in crayfish			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Current Topics in Developmental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Top Dev Biol
	Volume	74	Issue		Pages	177-199
	Keywords	Animals; Astacoidea/genetics/physiology; Humans; Receptors, Serotonin/genetics; Serotonin/physiology; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	Gene expression affects social behavior only through changes in the excitabilities of neural circuits that govern the release of the relevant motor programs. In turn, social behavior affects gene expression only through patterns of sensory stimulation that produce significant activation of relevant portions of the nervous system. In crayfish, social interactions between pairs of animals lead to changes in behavior that mark the formation of a dominance hierarchy. Those changes in behavior result from changes in the excitability of specific neural circuits. In the new subordinate, circuits for offensive behavior become less excitable and those for defensive behavior become more excitable. Serotonin, which is implicated in mechanisms for social dominance in many animals, modulates circuits for escape and avoidance responses in crayfish. The modulatory effects of serotonin on the escape circuits have been found to change with social dominance, becoming excitatory in dominant crayfish and inhibitory in subordinates. These changes in serotonin's effects on escape affect the synaptic response to sensory input of a single cell, the lateral giant (LG) command neuron for escape. Moreover, these changes occur over a 2-week period and for the subordinate are reversible at any time following a reversal of the animal's status. The results have suggested that a persistent change in social status leads to a gradual change in the expression of serotonin receptors to a pattern that is more appropriate for the new status. To test that hypothesis, the expression patterns of crayfish serotonin receptors must be compared in dominant and subordinate animals. Two of potentially five serotonin receptors in crayfish have been cloned, sequenced, and pharmacologically characterized. Measurements of receptor expression in the whole CNS of dominant and subordinate crayfish have produced inconclusive results, probably because each receptor is widespread in the nervous system and is likely to experience opposite expression changes in different areas of the CNS. Both receptors have recently been found in identified neurons that mediate escape responses, and so the next step will be to measure their expression in these identified cells in dominant and subordinate animals.
	Address	Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0070-2153	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:16860668			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4364
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	Author	Eisenberg,N.; Beilin,H.
	Title	The Development of Prosocial Behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
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	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	english	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-0-12-234980-5	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5976
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	Author	Eisenmann V, U.H.-P.
	Title	Identification and discrimination of Equus metapodials			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	In: Equids in the ancient world
	Volume		Issue		Pages	118-163
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1065
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